Pain is a feeling that displeases everyone, especially those who undergo painful procedures or treatments. In the neonate, it was believed for a long time that this feeling was not detected due to prematurity in the nervous system, a fact denied by studies on the physiology of pain that demonstrated anatomical and functional components necessary for the appreciation of the painful stimulus in the new- Births that are detected from the 20th week of gestation. This study aims to present non-pharmacological methods to relieve the pain experienced by neonates during the invasive procedures to which they are submitted to an intensive care unit. It was an exploratory bibliographical research, where 20 articles from scientific periodicals, theses and books published during 2006 to 2016 were used as sources of study in the Portuguese and English languages ??searched in the online databases MEDLINE, LILACS and SCIELO. After reading, analyzing and interpreting the material, six studies that did not respond to the objective of the review work were discarded. The non-pharmacological interventions presented in the present study are skin-to-skin contact, non-nutritive suction, use of oral glucose/sucrose solution, facilitated containment and winding, and breastfeeding. The use of non-pharmacological methods for the relief of neonatal pain is of paramount importance to ensure skilled care and aimed at the comfort and well-being of newborns.

In the course of the years, goat farming has been demonstrating its socio-economic potential, which encompasses all its production chains, presenting favorable results for a positive economic yield. Goats are classified as homeothermic, where they present physiological mechanisms with the purpose of maintaining constant body temperature inside of a certain ambient temperature range, denominated thermoneutrality zone. In this context, this review aims to address the thermoregulation aspects of goats when submitted to hot environments. Commonly in a tropical environment, the air temperature generally approaches or exceeds the body temperature of the animals, thus the sensible heat loss becomes ineffective. In these adverse thermal conditions, the evaporative heat loss mechanisms are more effective, making them essential for the thermal regulation to occur because it does not depend on the temperature differential between organism and atmosphere. This evaporative thermolysis may occur on the body surface and in the respiratory tract, but the cutaneous evaporation corresponds to the greater portion of heat dissipated. Cutaneous evaporation becomes even more important if goats are exposed to direct solar radiation, which is three times larger the value for shaded goats. Therefore, the knowledge of which thermoregulatory mechanisms can be used by goats and how they work in hot environments is of fundamental importance for the planning of an efficient production system. In addition, providing subsidies for a correct decision making in possible abrupt variations that can occur in the micro or macroclimate in which the animals are being raised.

The Amazon region maintains the largest drainage network in the world. In addition, the hydrographic basin of this region has a potential for hydroelectric power generation greater than the current Brazilian production level, which generates about 78,000 MW. The objective of this research was the accomplishment of a qualitative analysis between the relation of the Brazilian energy policy, associated with the development model adopted for the Amazon region, the conflicts that this originates. The data obtained and analyzed indicated that in the year 2016, the CPT registered 14 conflicts associated with water resources in the region, of which 57.9% involve hydroelectric dams. Thus, the relationship of the current energy model applied to the Amazon is imbalanced, resulting in conflicts with the communities where UHEs are built.

Native to South America, the Rhea americana is the largest bird of this continent. In Brazil, they are native to the South, Southeast, Midwest, and Northeast, with the exception of the coastal strips. Birds, in general, have the ability to maintain their body temperature constant, losing to the environment the additional heat that is produced. In this attempt to maintain thermal equilibrium, animals use non-evaporative and evaporative mechanisms to exchange heat with environment. Behavioral changes are also common as strategies aiming heat loss to the environment. Behavior changes are the main adaptive responses of animals to various environmental stimuli and studies addressing the thermoregulatory behavior of the animals are essential to the improvement of management and production systems. The thermal changes probably occur through a set of behaviors that combined helped to maintain the homeothermy of birds. Research on thermoregulation and the behavior of Rhea are still scarce. In this context, this article presents an initial approach to the thermoregulation, from a behavioral perspective, of Rhea (Rhea americana) in hot climate regions.

Congenital malformations can be highlighted as anomalies that occur at birth. This study aims to investigate the nursing care of the neonate with congenital malformations, observing the strategies discussed by the nursing professionals in the confrontation of the found case. The methodology used for the bibliographic review was based on existing publications in Scielo, Bireme, Virtual Health Library and LILACS in all indexes surveyed. It followed as a guiding question: How is the nursing care implemented to the neonate with congenital malformations? There were 6 publications used in this review. With the completion of this study and the importance of the nursing professionals knowledge about the topic addressed, so that it enables a specialized assistance aimed at the recovery of the neonate. It is important that the service engages more professionals and qualifies them to implement and develop the systematization of assistance with all its stages so that quality assistance is provided and that qualifications for all professionals of the service happen.

The objective of this review was to improve knowledge about data geoprocessing as well as an application of georeferenced statistics for use of animal science. The advancement of knowledge in the various areas that make up the agricultural sciences has evidenced the limitations of traditional methods of statistics, in the practical application of spatial variability and in the analysis of variables of the soil-plant-water - atmosphere system in large areas territories. The national and international literature reports several methods of forage mass determination, however, the greatest difficulty is found in accurate methods for determining the availability of forage in critical or drought periods in Caatinga areas of Brazilian semiarid regions. The methodology proposed by geostatistics attempts to extract, even with randomness of the data collected, the structural and probabilistic characteristics of the regionalized phenomenon. The interpolation method is called kriging and is based on the sample data the regionalized variable and the structural properties of the semivariogram obtained from these data. Isoline maps have level curves representing a set of regionalized points and may represent an isovalue. The studies with the litter of dead material on the soil (burlap), cacti and cycads are already represented in areas of Caatinga, however, greater importance should be given to the practical application of georeferenced statistics and the evaluation of spatial distribution applied to animal science for a better understanding of environmental characterization.

When born, neonates need to be observed and, if necessary, go to the Neonatal Unit, where they are treated properly and remain for a few days until recovery and discharge. The delivery of nursing care to newborns must be holistic, offering full assistance, whether premature or not. The objective was to describe the care implemented by the nursing professionals to the neonate in the Neonatal Unit. It was a review of the literature, with analysis and description of the content addressed. Data collection was carried out between October and March 2017, from the main online databases, such as SCIELO and VHL. Used descriptors as: neonatology, newborn, nursing care. They totaled five articles at the end of the search. The nursing care required for the well-being of neonates and the importance and essence of care make the difference in a qualified and humanized care. Thus, in addition to their daily tasks, such as admission, evolution, control of vital signs, hygiene, stimulate breastfeeding, guide parents, promote greater contact between the newborn and their parents, among other activities, the nurse must still establish a stable and affectionate relationship with their patients.

When born, neonates need to be observed and, if necessary, go to the Neonatal Unit, where they are treated properly and remain for a few days until recovery and discharge. The delivery of nursing care to newborns must be holistic, offering full assistance, whether premature or not. The objective was to describe the care implemented by the nursing professionals to the neonate in the Neonatal Unit. It was a review of the literature, with analysis and description of the content addressed. Data collection was carried out between October and March 2017, from the main online databases, such as SCIELO and VHL. Used descriptors as: neonatology, newborn, nursing care. They totaled five articles at the end of the search. The nursing care required for the well-being of neonates and the importance and essence of care make the difference in a qualified and humanized care. Thus, in addition to their daily tasks, such as admission, evolution, control of vital signs, hygiene, stimulate breastfeeding, guide parents, promote greater contact between the newborn and their parents, among other activities, the nurse must still establish a stable and affectionate relationship with their patients. ?

The electrolyte balance of the diet is defined as the difference between the main cations and anions of the diet. As in heat stress situations the respiratory rate rises, there is an increase in the carbon dioxide loss which reflects in the reduction of the partial blood pressure of CO2, and an elevation of the blood pH. The electrolyte balance of the diet can influence appetite, bone development, response to heat stress and the metabolism of amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. In the last years, it has been verified that the diet manipulation can be a way to improve the quantitative and qualitative performance of laying birds, appearing as a viable nutritional alternative and of easy practical application. In this context, this mini-review aims to approach the main aspects of the electrolytic balance in the diet of laying birds.

Many factors have contributed to the reduction of productivity and melon fruit quality, even though it presents an excellent adaptation to the predominant edaphoclimatic conditions in the Brazilian Northeast region. The occurrence of diseases is one of these factors, highlighting the gray stem rot, which is caused by the soil pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi (Goid.). In this context, a viable alternative to the control of this fungus is the use of resistant cultivars or resistant rootstocks, because it is safe to the environment and be used in a complementary way to other control methods. Thus, the aim of this review is to address the main points that deal with the melon reaction and its breeding for resistance to M. phaseolina.

Diatoms can now be excellent indicators of water quality in urban rivers, especially if they serve as a source of water. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between diatoms, water quality and urban rivers. The analysis of the data obtained indicated that in Europe, the use of diatoms as an indicator of water quality in urban rivers is already effective. As for Brazil, the data indicate in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná; the researches of this triad are in an evolutionary phase. Northeast region, Pernambuco, the use is not yet as effective as in the south, In Amazonas and Pará, the researches for the composition of the triad in the Water Quality Index (IQA), still does not present effectiveness, one of the explanations is the lack of insertion in the existing legislations as the variables to be analyzed, among them, the use of diatoms. Therefore, the IQA without the complementation of the diatomaceous analysis may be incomplete due to the indication of other chemical variables such as, for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not included in the current IQA.

Cattle have the natural capacity to sort for or against certain feed ingredients of the ration according to the particle size, a behavior known as feed sorting. Such feeding behavior may result in a reduced nutrient intake and may not meet the daily nutritional requirements of subordinate animals that will have access to the feed bunk at times subsequent to a new fresh feed has been offered, or, on the other hand, may drop ruminal pH and cause rumen acidosis by the excessive intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates in the rumen in dominant animals. There are several factors that influence feed sorting, such as dietary composition, forage quality and behavioral aspects inherent to the animal. The methodology to determine feed sorting is simple and allows to measure with accuracy the intake of each class of particle size consumed by the animal. In this context, the objective of this review is to address the main feeding and management strategies that can be utilized to minimize feed sorting by dairy and beef cattle. ?

Eutrophication is a process by which destabilizes the aquatic ecosystem and deteriorates the quality of surface water. In view of this, the insertion of mitigating and restorative measures are indispensable for the conservation of the water body. The objective of this research is to analyze qualitatively how the use of biotechnology associated to bioremediations, acts in the process of recovery of aqueous environments. The method used was inductive, and the research has a basic nature, with a qualitative approach and complemented with data collection in research bases such as the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, and Google Scholar, whose time cut was from 2009 to 2018. The data indicated that the quality of the use of bioremediation is effective, either with the application of phytoremediation or other biotechnologies associated or not, and present a lower cost when compared to the existing physical and chemical methods. The data also indicated that microorganisms and plants have specific ways of removing, immobilizing or transforming pollutants from inappropriate effluent releases. It should note that these mitigation and recovery measures are very new alternatives for the context of polluting companies and society as a whole. Therefore, the use of these biotechnologies is important for disseminating ways to regenerate contaminated environments, where they have a low energy cost and do not require direct physical-chemical interventions.

The influence of the natural climatic episodes denominated like "El Niño" and "La Niña", causes changes in the atmospheric circulation in diverse parts of the world. The objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative research on the influence of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena on the climatic dynamics of the Amazon region so that the damages caused by these meteorological events are divulged and prevented. The data obtained and analyzed indicated that the climatic phenomena denominated El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation - ENOS affect the climatic dynamics, which causes significant changes in the regime of the maximum daily rains, provoking tendencies of elevation or decrease in the precipitation rate in periods of El Niño and La Niña, respectively. As for the occurrence of such phenomena in the Amazon region, it was inferred that the episodes of drought provoked by the El Niño, manifest themselves with more intensity, compared to the La Niña event. Such phenomena can have socio-environmental consequences such as severe droughts, reduction of water reserves, forest fires, floods; and economic, the increase of the electricity tariff, due to the low levels of operation of hydroelectric plants in periods of drought. Therefore, it is necessary to establish preventive strategies to mitigate the effects generated by such events, with applicability for purposes of climate monitoring.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a disease that is part of the group of chronic non-communicable diseases that kills most in the world and is characterized by the presence of a chronic hyperglycemia, of multifactorial origin, with genetic and environmental influences. About 90% of diabetes cases in Brazil are from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, representing approximately 7.4% of the total population. In this context, Primary Care is an important weapon in the treatment of DM2. In this study, it was sought to carry out a bibliographic survey regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus and care for this disease in Primary Care. This is a literature review study, for which was used scientific articles published on Scielo, Virtual Health Library and Bireme, and Official Ordinances and Guidelines of the Ministry of Health, using as keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, Atenção Básica and Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente. After the analysis, articles were selected that related the three aspects and enabled the analysis of the care for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a very important disease in the world epidemiological scenario. Due to its ability to perform care adapted to the reality of a territory, Basic Care is a very important tool in the care of patients with T2DM and in the prevention of chronic complications of this disease.

The objective of this article is to review the literature about the benefits of physical therapy performance in the health of the worker. Included were 11 studies for the development of the work, which depict the physical therapy performance in employee health, in addition to research on sites from sources such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo of Work Safety and Medicine (Fundacentro), Ministry of Social Welfare and the Civil House of the Presidency of the Republic for information about statistical data and laws. It is well known that disturbances osteomioarticulares lead to workers absence from their work roles and, consequently, wasteful spending, with the aid and the loss of manpower to the organs jobs. Concludes that after a physiotherapy intervention, there is a considerable reduction of disabilities, acting positively in the prevention of occupational diseases.

Conditions related to the musculoskeletal system have become increasingly common, worldwide, during the last decades and are among the most important causes of morbidity and disability in adults. In view of this scenario, one can consider the stevedores which are workers responsible for moving the merchandise, working in warehouses, sheds. Due to the great effort and considering the excessive weights, these workers are exposed to health problems such as skin diseases, muscular and osteoarticular diseases and even disorders due to the repetitive effort. To carry out a bibliographical survey about the musculoskeletal alterations that are associated and derived from the working process of the class of stevedores. The study is a review of the literature, in which scientific articles published in Scielo, Bireme, Virtual Health Library, and LILACS were used, in all indexes surveyed. It was searched for articles that covered the loose workers, the working conditions and still diseases related to their work process. In view of the above, it was possible to understand that the class of single workers or stevedores still presents characteristics of manual/arm labor and that this entails several complications with respect to the health of this worker mainly in the physical aspect, being osteomioarticular diseases the major causes of diseases related to work.

The advent of uncontrolled population growth directly affects the use of water resources and, consequently, the environmental impacts on water resources have become more intense, which has increased the need for preservation. This fact, led to the emergence of governance, from laws, norms and guidelines. In this context, the National Environmental Policy (PNMA) emerged, which served as a basis for the elaboration of other laws and regulations, which aim to manage water use. The objective of this research was to verify the federal, state and municipal legislation, and the instruments used in the management of water resources. The data analyzed indicated that, the Federal Constitution has as its emphasis the protection and accessibility of the population to water resources. While the State Law adds, the planning and management of water resources according to the economic, social and environmental peculiarities of the territory. It is up to the Municipal Law to preserve and manage the water resources that cover the municipality, without contravening the laws and / or norms of the Union. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the means of dialogue and administration, as well as to develop incentives for state and local governments. responsibility in the implementation process of the water management policy.

Stroke can be conceptualized as the interruption of cerebral blood supply, due to extravasation or obstruction of the blood vessel. It is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), being the third cause of death in several countries of the world and the main cause of permanent incapacitation because it is the vascular condition that most affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). About 40% of stroke patients have a reduction in diaphragm displacement and a decrease in lung function to 50% of the expected values for age. Respiratory muscle training is an approach that has the potential to increase muscle strength and reduce respiratory complications following stroke. In this way, this study aims to perform a literature review on respiratory changes and the effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) in post-stroke patients. This is a review of the literature, in which scientific articles published in Scielo, Bireme, and LILACS were used in all indexes, using as keywords: Inspiratory Muscular Training, Brain Vascular Accident and respiratory changes. After the analysis, articles were selected that related the three aspects and presented IMT results in post-stroke patients. Studies have revealed the therapeutic effects of IMT in the various populations, presenting as an approach to the increase in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, increase in thoracic expandability, adequacy in the respiratory pattern, reduction in the perception of dyspnea, delay in the decline increased exercise tolerance and aerobic capacity, as well as improved quality of life in post-stroke individuals.

The present work is a synthesis of the theoretical reference presented as part of the masters degree in Civil Engineering of the Federal Technological University of Paraná, which had as its theme the pavement and its varieties. This research was based on a literature review about the types of pavements, their costs, problems originated as a result of the flow and, consequently, the environmental impacts promoted by the exchange and maintenance of these structures. As a methodology, there were data pertinent to the research that led to the results, demonstrated that the recycled pavement presented better advantages as asphalt cover in the economic criteria and also in terms of environmental impacts. ?

The biomass is organic sources that are used for the production of energy through the plants, which realize the photosynthesis absorbing the solar energy to transform it into chemical energy. In this bias, it is deduced that approximately 2.4 billion people use traditional biomass because they do not have access to modern fuels. This article aims to analyze the environmental and economic importance of the production of renewable biomass through a literary analysis of what has already been presented, and speculation of possible justifications and solutions. Under this scenario, each discovery has new technology, commerce, and study. With this in mind, the future is expected to be an in-depth, low-cost technology for everyone to gain access to, as well as the theoretical preparation of what will be used, for a full knowledge of its handling. In sum, it is concluded that the energy produced by the biomass is vast, and can be put into practice with few resources. ?

This research addresses, through a bibliographic review, the amount of waste generated in the process of processing crustaceans, the ways in which these residues are made available according to current laws and regulations and a proposal to reuse the chitin of crustacean exoskeletons. These, despite being biodegradable for a certain time, can cause damage to the environment and human health, when disposed of incorrectly. Thus, it is suggested the extraction of chitin, a biopolymer that constitutes most of the exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans and fungi cell wall and the second most abundant in nature, for the production of chitosan, which is studied the production of biofilm with medicinal properties, being an alternative for regional development. Another important factor is the fact of the low toxicity presented by chitin and chitosan, which makes research even more feasible.